e the Future (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006).
12. Brendan Simms,Europe: The Struggle for Supremacy from 1453 to the Present (New York: Basic Books, 2013), 9ndash;10; Black,History of Islamic Political Thought, 206ndash;7.
13. 在英语里它们被误称为降书,不是因为奥斯曼帝国在任何一
上屈从了,而是因为这些文件被分为章节或条款(拉丁文是capitula)。
14. 1526年2月,苏莱曼答复法国的弗朗西斯。Relow Merriman, Suleiman the Magnifit, 1520ndash;1566 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Uy Press, 1944), 130. See also Halil Inalcik, The Turkish Impa the Development of Modern Europe, ioman State and Its Pla World History, ed. Kemal H. Karpat (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1974), 51ndash;53; Garrett Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomaew York: Penguin Books, 1955), 152.大约500年后,在一段双边关系
张时期,土耳其总理埃尔多安
于礼节送给法国总统萨科齐一份这封信的复印件,但抱怨说:我觉得他没看这封信。Todays Zaman, December 23, 2011.
15. 1853年,据说俄国沙皇尼古拉一世告诉英国大使:我们手上有一个病夫,一个病得很重的人。如果有一天他从我们手中溜走了,尤其是在尚未
必要安排之前,那可就麻烦大了。Harold Temperley, England and the Near East (London: Longmans, Green,1936), 272.
16. Sultan MehmedRashad,Proclamation, and SheikulIslam, Fetva, inSource Records of the Great War, ed. Charles F. Horne and Walter F. Austin (Indianapolis: Ameri Legion, 1930), 2:398ndash;401. See also Hew Stra,The First World War (New York: Viking, 2003), 100ndash;101.